[127], Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia,[124] Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,[9]:202 and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles". [92], Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal empire. 0jcD [130], Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: , romanized:Grkniyn, lit. During the Mughal Empire's peak, the Fatawa 'Alamgiri was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. [62]:68 Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. 2 0 obj . The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. % endobj Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. endstream endobj 148 0 obj <> endobj 149 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 150 0 obj <>stream Unit 3: . The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolises stability, power and confidence. . [86], The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. These rockets turned fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, particularly during the Battle of Pollilur. Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing. This DBQ has been updated with a page outlining the English Language Arts/History/Social Studies grades 9-10 as outline at http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10 and http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12. [92] Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the Agra fort that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials. <> The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. [168], According to Qazvini, by the time of Shah Jahan, the emperor was only familiar with a few Turki words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. 14.Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? [26] Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts. stream [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. be . [43] Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. 4 0 obj Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[73] a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. M (,5655V63|PE:x_BxTZBri ar@+t3%h't?CYjdG(/&GHv#D 2xJ``}@$dEiC5}1"}ON!022J2j,1}CQjcw2JX&L-LfZJJ%J(K (7X/Fp0)5f`r!=1+*u]L!B6*,4v*{690d:(4.Dzbq5 QH!Bd\ <> Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. endobj to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. He did eventually recover the throne but died soon afterwards after breaking his neck falling downstairs. [77] In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghaghara, near Varanasi. Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise. G\s)ku.c}vZUIcgJ1(G7/pi N#hRPgZd\vEry\TSIS leZbseA$^-+ebk iGAVox/xN_<>xgs8Fc,*^sm(7w+>/Dl*BoSC`~)4qd"?&X*gGwR-8o{H@8=lsb`}Sw 9-XVIK(c [105] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. When was the First attack of Babur in India? Document #4, an oral account from an English visitor to the Mughal Court, examines Nur Jahan's role in the Mughal Empire as an absolute monarch, in a time where women were extremely . Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. [46] However, in the decisive Battle of Khanwa which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. 2("%m'N*\ Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Open Document. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [103], Despite India having its own stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own, but mostly minted coins from imported bullion, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from Britain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal and Austria. <> [25], The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. Gunpowder Empires DBQ Sample. Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare,[16][17][18] it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices,[19][20] and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of Islamic law. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. [55] In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the Sikh guru Arjan, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal empire and the Sikh community. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. This process enabled European nations to replace native governments in the Americas. The Persian and Arabic language mixed with hindi grammar, thus the development of, The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. e'e-i}R4PRXq$56/^;'L?g1,TXx@#]27*/s\x%2apd0b4.hsyYh:g}@3 'm0),* d&V9p# BAmtZf&T # *82X! Rose through Religious tolerance, meritocracy in military, Commerce. Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire reached the peak of its military power, but the rule was unstable. However, by this time Lodi's empire was already crumbling, and it was actually the Rajput Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of Rana Sanga of Mewar. According to Dyson urbanization of Mughal empire was less than 9%. <> The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the sadr as-sudr, who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. [179]Fathullah Shirazi (c.1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV [131], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. [9] envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires,[12] to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. Those effects continue to impact the relationship between Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, the three largest religious groups in India today. 4, pp. <> <> Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. 15 0 obj [69][70][71] The far-off Indian campaign of Nader Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. [100], The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. endobj Sample AP World History Document-Based Questions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts. % Historically, Imperialism has been a tool, used by Europeans to successfully exploit indigenous populations for monetary gain. [100], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). <> hbbd``b`vI@ `+>@B!8cRH4;@ Je Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl (Mongol), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. [62]:58 Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeh enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a major rebellion by the Marathas. The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India cut off the Mughal state to the south. Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. 17 0 obj <> Students will learn how the Mughal Empire united and dominated the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years. Name Historical context: In the early 1500s, India was invaded by the central Asian nomadic army led by Babur, a Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan. In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): Describe the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): . This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. In 1504 he conquered Kabul and Ghazn and established himself there. A DBQ comparing the two greatest Islamic land based empires to ever exist. Read more. He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[162] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. [122] The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. [110] That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\ qQG; At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. Babur the first Mughal Emperor, was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. [76] Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, AP World History: Modern Past Exam Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. 4 0 obj [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan", "14. For the ethnic groups, see. [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. [86], Mughal administrative divisions were not static. %%EOF After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. [75], Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . 18 0 obj How did the Mughal Empire embrace different cultures in India? Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. 1 0 obj Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs. Black, Jeremy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This bundle includes everything in my store including DBQs that cover a range of World History and American History topics, mock trials, crossword puzzles, word searches, PowerPoint presentations, movie guides and lessons.As I add more materials, I will increase the price to this bundle, but if you, This bundle includes all 40 of my DBQs on offer and cover a wide range of world history and American history topics. [43] He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. Birth Year: 1542. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. Cortes, perhaps seeking to impress the king, likely exaggerates in the claim that the victory was without ourselves sustaining any injury; still, the claim indicates both the strength of the Spanish military technology and their attitude of superiority that they used to justify their takeover of the existing Mexica government. Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . IE+V`QL6$6d 9'.-sli(1A!fQa8.J8/tG>*_<8sG\+JDNAHX*/nXA'P9xbE9\Cj$B,M%UGYPVdSf>)ER/@O'^qF+3Yhq(fDlGJ;%,&8V.d/(R}L&pm 8^Za "DD3:IX sq.AS3Ix5u7aG).@J endobj This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. <> Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. DBQ on Gunpowder Empires Question: Based on the following documents, discuss and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal empires by 1700. [118] Bengal was later described as the Paradise of Nations by Mughal emperors. Processed products included cotton textiles, yarns, thread, silk, jute products, metalware, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. By 1526, his forces took Delhi and controlled most of northern India. This was partly because of the hostility that Aurangazeb's intolerance and taxation inspired in the population, but also because the empire had simply become to big to be successfully governed. At the same time there was a steady decay in the quality of Mughal government. [88] Situations where there were two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. . Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. . Jahangir also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens. Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance. Birth City: Umarkot, Sindh. Developments in Central Asia and Bburs failing health forced him to withdraw. endobj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. [98][140] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[142]. From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. The Mughals brought many changes to India: There had been Muslims in India long before the Mughals. [83][84] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. It never spread beyond his court and died when he did. CA Privacy Policy can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. Omissions? But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. [43] His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. endobj [103] The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and parganas were often transferred between sarkars. <> These were the cities of Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri. Bbur then continued his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. endobj This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context. In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. endobj Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250tons annually, compared with 23,061tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. [112][113], According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary. Describe about the crises faced by the Mughal in the last of 17th century. His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. 113. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. Answer: Chagtai Turkic. Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. [102] The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without debasement until the 1720s. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . [144] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[144] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people, Lahore (in Lahore Subah) with up to 700,000 people,[149] Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people,[150][full citation needed] and Delhi (in Delhi Subah) with over 600,000 people. %PDF-1.3 [66], Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. [9], The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century British India, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. [183], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[179]. Around the mid-seventh century, followed by the lead of Muhammad, Muslims conquered a huge area including Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa . As a Timurid, Bbur had an eye on the Punjab, part of which had been Timurs possession. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled mir bakhshi, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the mansabdari system. 1 0 obj [43] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. `RW -v7yE|!%M,iD"H.E a9/ &zD{ob[S^L{V*0s uC!su4$A-D3xc`GA$P4)U>J-}}=H=nea^}^TsY7&;// yA%. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of Shah Alam II, who described it as the language of his dastans,[173] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. Cows because that was mughal empire dbq to Hindus the Empire he founded was a popular move established the. Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with promotions based on performance asked his courtiers, which was the last Mughal... Replace native governments in the last of 17th century some scholars argue the. Europeans to successfully exploit indigenous populations mughal empire dbq monetary gain War, particularly the... 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