best vintage kenmore sewing machinebest vintage kenmore sewing machine

Sewing machines made before 1900 are called antique, while those made between 1900 and 1970 are typically considered vintage. Am I correct? Manuals are available online. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage Original Sears Kenmore Sewing Machine at the best online prices at eBay! It's okay if your cams are plastic--you just don't want parts that will be in continuous use within the sewing machine to be plastic because they'll wear out and break. So now I'm excited to see what that Singer 27 can do! Brand: Kenmore | Category: Sewing Machine | Size: 11.03 MB. One of the great benefits of buying an older Singer is that they sold so many models that its fairly easy to find parts today. Itll probably outlive me! They used cams, which are discs that divert the course of the needle bar, so that it sews something other than a straight line of stitches. Which grew their popularity In return. Not all antique machines use a treadle. They use a slanting needle and offer a variety of decorative stitches as well as double-needle decorative stitches. Also, the model comes with a bulb that illuminates the workspace. Search for a machine with a: Other sewing machine will be added to the list as I find them. Below, you can see an example of a potted motor on a Singer 101. That way you get to determine which settings or devices you may require for the zig-zag stitching pattern to function properly. So getting a good replacement is the ideal solution. Looking for a zig zag for kites and such. Below, I have created a lists criteria needed to determine the best vintage sewing machines out there. That said, only industrial machines can handle thick leather sewing projects. Such problems would require the expertise of a professional vintage sewing machine repairer. Besides its precise sewing and durability, modern sewers like this beauty because it is so portable. Still, you can do a lot with a straight stitch machine, and because they are built for a single purpose, they are very good at what they do. For example, if you plug in How much is my 1920 Singer sewing machine worth, you will get an average price point for todays market. It is a completely computerized unit thats integrated with loads of functions. Pfaff, Bernina, and Husqvarna Viking frequently compete for the distinction of being named the best high-end sewing machine! Also, Kenmore units were considered sturdy, efficient, and more affordable compared to their competition. Even with having a machine serviced, youd still come out way cheaper than buying new. These numbers are the manufacturers numbers. Based on general popularity, the Singer 201, Singer 401 and 403, and Kenmore 30 typically rank as the best antique and vintage sewing machines today. Before sewing machines could run on electricity, they used a foot peddle, called a treadle, to turn a flywheel and power the components of the machine. Youll also discover the key characteristics of prominent vintage sewing machine brands. [And Is It Good For Summer?]. Some rare antique machines were made in such small quantities that they are hard to find today, making them valuable to collectors. - Silver Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage 1950s Kenmore Electric Sewing Machine with case at the best online prices at eBay! Which may be a little bit sluggish and would require constant oiling. My 158-14001 (forward bobbin) HATES double needles, but does gathering better than any of my modern OR other vintage machines. For now, this is what I have. The 130 first sold in the 1930s and could produce an incredibly precise zigzag stitch. People like them because they're cute, light, and they haven't used any other dedicated straight stitch machines. They make up for this with an incredible stitching speed! Another possible reason could be issued with the needle or your sewing machine might be experiencing thread jam. My first straight stitch machine was a Singer 99, which is still one of my favorites. It makes various sizes of circles. Kenmore Sewing Machine Manuals are also available on managemylife.com. i cant find it online. This should allow you to easily pull without any struggle. Free shipping for many products! This maker has numerous exceptional features that include 80 integrated layouts besides having a USB drive to integrate your own styles. I own Brothers 210 which seems to be the same. Many Kenmore machines take standard low shank presser feet. This is why we recommend some high-quality sources that should get you in the ballpark. So rarity in terms of numbers may not be a good way to determine its value. These machines have a very distinctive industrial look despite being considered a home sewing machine. There are a lot of things an industrial sewing machine can do that a regular sewing machine can't. First, consider its appearance and condition. By clicking above, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. You will often see it described as top-of-the-line or the best of the Singers. I reviewed the Featherweightmyself, and I'd agree with her. To keep your classic devices up and running as though its a new piece. Myself, I love vintage Kenmores and have several. Youve got a very cool looking sewing machine From photos, it looks like your machine is a low shank. Finally, youll get tips for how to find parts and make repairs for old machines. Stay blessed . Another way to determine the value of your Kenmore sewing machine is from its age. Most machines made before 1970 have solid metal construction that keeps running forever. After the end of World War II, Japan established a massive sewing machine industry. Any help would be appreciated. Kenmore Sewing Machine Models Identification Values Kenmore Vintage Original Collectible Sewing Machines For Sale Ebay Afmrq0k Gfm6hm 5 Best Vintage Sewing Machines According To Sewers Lovetoknow I have a Singer 503A, and it's a lovely, all-metal machine with a lot of options for drop-in cams. Most older machines have solid metal parts that last a long time. This varies depending on quality and rarity. Some collectors could even value vintage Kenmore Sewing machines which also have many features in place that are absent in antique models. All before sewing. Look it over for any funny stains, chips, dings, or scratches. But it was only for a short period (didnt go past the 70s). Most rare older models sell for more like a couple of thousand dollars, though. However, I definitely have some preferences and recommendations, especially for different categories of machines, such as straight stitch, zigzag, treadle, industrial, toy, and sewing leather. 117 Series: The Kenmore 117 series typically consists of private label, vintage rotary sewing machines designed in the 1940s by the White Sewing Machine Company. For more information about our privacy practices please visit our Privacy Policy. Such as the ability to slow your needle down and determine the thickness of your stitch. For instance, you may have applied a higher upper thread tension to a workpiece that requires a slightly lower thread tension. But if you notice any disuniformity under the test fabric then you should tighten up the upper thread tension. Most straight stitch machines will be all metal, mechanical machines. This is probably not something I can fix up, but we'll see how it goes. And its all because your thread path isnt tight enough. Today, Husqvarna Viking owns the company, but the Pfaff brand name still means a lot. The body is made out of lightweight aluminum, rather than the heavy cast steel or cast iron that most other straight stitch machines are made of, but it comes with a much heftier price tag than most straight stitch machines. do you know where i can get one? I love my Emdeko and am not going to give up on her! Then, trim back insulation 1/2 inch on the cord. Old Kenmore sewing machines can also be But this time they were electric-powered. Some older machines may contain one cam. My Singer 281-1 came with a 380 volt, three phase clutch motor. Of course, Kenmore machines made by Janome between 1970 and 2013 may have more modern features as well. WebTop 9 Antique Kenmore Sewing Machines To Buy This 2022 9. As a word of warning, though, not all sewing machine parts and attachments are interchangeable. The bobbins for those machines arent hard to find at all. Vintage Sears Kenmore Sewing Machine Model 158-12310 8. Below, I have listed a few metal gear models. Also, you can visit Kenmore sewing machine helpwhich is a forum where you can reach other Kenmore sewing machine collectors. Sometimes they do end up freezing, have poor gripping, or their timing doesnt match with the needle. Such Kenmore units are bound to hold more value than later ones like the electrical units (made in 1930) that possess more features than the previous models. As you might need to open up a compartment via a hinge. Unfortunately, those parts are not always available 50+ years later. Do you all have any other sewing machines that you believe should have made the list? Kenmore is the brand name Sears Roebuck applied to all the machines they sold. Here you will get an overview of some of the best vintage straight stitch, zigzag, treadle, toy, leather, and industrial sewing machines. Is there a bobbin and bobbin case underneath the needle plate? Birds nesting, jamming, or tangled stitch beneath your fabric is commonly a result of bad threading. It will cost more upfront. Both of which are manual masterpieces made in the 1900s that possess the strongest Kenmore motors ever and are built to last another 100 years. Bernina also has several high-class vintage models, such as the 930, which typically sell for around a thousand dollars. He spotted the cutest vintage Kenmore sewing machine and snapped it up for $10! Thank you for signing up! This major event greatly demanded war production efforts. This should make the needlebar rise up and down. These were marketed as an alternative to Singer Featherweights, so it's small, compact, lightweight, and bright green! Pfaff Creative 2140 Embroidery Machine. Cost: free to $300ish. You need a way to attach the treadle belt to your sewing machine. I would not recommend that you get one as a child's first sewing machine. As Kenmore sewing machines were sold on an astronomical scale compared to others. The only problem users have with this model is the motor. Well, I can't sort it ALL out for you, but generally any Kenmore model with a 2 digit model number, like the Kenmore Model 80, would in reality on the serial plate, show 158.80X, where X is another number 0-9 to show variations in that model over the lifetime of this models production. For the Pfaff, it would be best to just cut off the old power socket. That said, if you can track one down, they have a great reputation for quality craftsmanship. WebCheck out our vintage kenmore sewing machines selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. In earlier days, sewing machines used small, flat rounds called cams to create stitching patterns. Such as a bobbin with an incorrect shape or size. If you dont have local stores available. Its difficult to make blanket statements about the quality of Kenmore models since the brand name encompasses so many different manufacturers. That means it's probably all metal inside. Surface rust can be dealt with. Rinse and repeat the process for all thread tension settings. As a result, users often complain about the bobbin winding mechanism and hate having to change the bottom thread so much. Up until the 1950s, White provided all the sewing machines sold by Sears Roebuck. Circuit Board in Singer Touch-Tronic 2005 Sewing Machine. For a straight stitch machine, I'd recommend a Singer 99, Singer 66, or Singer 15, as they're all relatively common, easy to service yourself, easy to find parts for, and easy to use. Older Brother models typically sell for about as much as the average Singer, in the $200 price range. As a result, many super high shank users convert their machines to low shank (which isnt very favorable). Kenmore 30 Stitch: Best Vintage Zigzag Sewing Machine Singer isn't the only sewing machine brand to consider. Again, you can certainly find a broader range of brands to look into. In America, Singers are by far the most popular choice for both collecting and sewing. Best Answer You have a very nice Sears Kenmore model 1754 from 1969. Peter Lappin of Male Pattern Boldness has a post on his favorite vintage sewing machine as well. Check your inbox or spam folder now to confirm your subscription. Like many sewing machine companies, Bernina got its start at the turn of the century. Free shipping for many products! And God bless him, he WILL answer your questions! If the machine is sewing backward, then the problem may be a bit technical. Whichever reason it may be, you must have come across the name Kenmore during your rough research. Free shipping for many products! You also want to consider whether the machine comes equipped with key items like its original owners manual, any removable cams, a selection of presser feet, and the appropriate needles and bobbins. As it allows the tension disc to be easily accessible. Overall, the design is actually straightforward with the external bobbin and it comes with functions that improve detailing. Try as much as possible to locate this problem and file them smoothly or replace such parts if needed. It's a no-frills straight stitch machine that is solidly engineered. However, there are various websites with a handful of Kenmore sewing machine model manuals. You can buy vintage sewing machines from online sellers on eBay or Etsy as well as at brick-and-mortar antique or thrift stores or even at yard sales. As you could get or sell the units for a couple of tens or a couple of hundredsdepending on certain factors such as its rarity. Thus supplanting the previous mechanisms such as hand-powered and the treadle-powered models. I have a small collection of them on display in my office, and I wrote a guide to Betsy Ross toy sewing machines. You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us via the Contact Form. With a little elbow grease and care, your vintage machine may last another fifty years. Either way, you now know that Singer models like the 66 and Featherweight reign as the most popular models of all time! Due to their all-metal structure, they are bound to rust up at some point. I have an Emdeko Mark IV and am looking for a walking foot. And it can be solved by following these steps: Its easy for the bobbin thread to get tangled up. The brand had a major effect on the sewing machine industry during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Deep rust, however, means youll be better off looking for a sewing machine elsewhere. Founded in 1890, the National Sewing Machine Company based a lot of its business around selling badged machines. Note: if the number is engraved in front of the bottom base then probably an older model. Given how small they are, they're surprisingly functional as sewing machines. I know looks aren't everything, but Kenmores are, well, ugly. $95.00 + $55.76 shipping. However, these manuals are available at a price (usually between $10 to $200) on this website. When you find a Kenmore, look up the model number online to find the production year. If you notice skipped and skewed stitches on the top part of the fabric, then you will need to loosen the upper thread tension a bit. Hemming Machine UNION SPECIAL 43200G Vintage chain stitch hemming machine from 1939 this is the machine every denim head wants. So the best fix for loose sticking is to adjust the threading for your sewing machine: There are two ways through which this issue can occur. Free shipping for many products! The best way to handle such an issue is by testing the various sewing machine tension settings via trial and error method. These cam discs are like insertables that enable the machine to perform certain stitching styles. 2.3 Which makes threading them far easier and faster. The Singer 66 is a favorite for straight stitching. I think they're fun to tinker with and nice to use as display pieces. This department store (founded in 1893) adopted an effective system that redefined the way Americans shop. If the problem seems to persist then you should reference the machines manual. I've spent a lot of time trying out different toy sewing machines in the hope of finding a good travel machine for sewing on the go, and I have not been successful. Supposing you inherited a vintage machine and no longer want it, how do you know how much money to sell it for? A few very rare antique machines can sell for enormous sums. WebTypes of Kenmore Sewing Machines. Its best to loosen up the screw that holds this cases tension. The good news is that the big-name brands almost always have easy-to-find parts available. Kenmore Model 158.1941 6. Advertisement I have a 1969 Kenmore also. Worn Box, If the coils appear to contract then you should try to move the spring about until it loosens up. Cost: free to $60. I also had to adjust the timing, something Id never done before. This company claims the distinction of releasing the first programmable computerized sewing machine in the world. Include a video of them using the sewing machine in question to sew through the three to four layers of thick leather they show in the picture. If youre in the market to buy an older model, you should keep in mind that not every seller will use these terms correctly. Which contains model numbers, manufacturer, and period of manufacturing. Free shipping for many products! Second, find out how rare it is. Like silk, you might just need to make use of your hands to shift the cloth a bit as you stitch. Another way to get tight stitching is to make sure the weight of the thread matches the weight of the workpiece material. For treadling, she recommends getting a Singer table, which will fit most standard-sized machines. If it runs like new and looks like new, its value will rise. In the past few decades, a lot of factories "upgraded" their sewing machines and sold off their vintage industrial Singers. If you keep an eye out, you can find treadle machines pretty cheap. Make sure your painthasntbeen replaced with rust. Preferably an antique store where youre bound to find units in great condition. In my post on How to Start Sewing for Free, I mentioned these guideline for checking out a vintage sewing machine: When you're at the store, pick it up. Brands like Kenmore and Bernina also produced highly sought-after models. His favorite machine is the Elna Grasshopper. Aside from a few highly collectible models, most older Singers will cost less than $200. The main reason for Kenmores impressive success in the sewing machine industry through the late 1800s to 1900s is Sears Roebuck. For less popular brands, you may have to turn to an online discussion forum and share a picture of your machine if anyone else recognizes it. Copyright 2023 Valuable Antique Detector, How To Determine Your Old Kenmore Sewing Machine Value, Top 9 Antique Kenmore Sewing Machines To Buy This 2022, 9. See my privacy policy for more details. What makes this machine special is the roping effect, which is caused by a fault in the machine and its turner. Then the problem can be very technical, so its best to hand over your sewing machine to a professional. Vintage industrial machines typically were first owned by a factory or company. Best sewing machine for sewing patches on hats, Is Embroidery a Profitable Business in 2021? But this is such an interesting thread that I cant help myself! Get a light outlet cord from your local hardware store (of matching size) and trim back the insulation on it too. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Singer ZigZig Kenmore Sewing Machine Accessories Monogram Case WORKS! Plastic sewing machine parts make machines lighter weight, but that is about it. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. The needle plate or bobbin case may have dents or scratches which can cut up the thread as your sole. p.s. I am so thrilled to have you visit this website. Whats the Difference Between Vintage And Antique ? WebCheck out our sears kenmore vintage sewing machine selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. No matter how you prefer to shop, make sure you follow the tips described in the next section to make sure you buy a good-quality vintage model. Also, the four-digit number on the motor is not the same as the units model number. Get a test piece of your workpiece and sew a straight stitch. Yes, I understand they are pricey. Though it only has straight stitch capabilities, it remains famous today for its precise mechanisms. The Singer Turble Back, for example, may cost thousands of dollars because of its extreme rarity! Anticipating a newer model of Kenmore Sewing machines. You pour a few drops of oil into any moving metal part on your sewing machine. I only saw 1 of the green cams that goes in the top for different stitches. 2 Top Machines for Sewing Review. As it could get to the stage of needing a professional that fixes vintage sewing machines. The Singer 99 is a 3/4 size sewing machine, so it's smaller and more portable than regular-sized sewing machines. I don't have one of these, but I've heard good things about them, and I'm actively looking for one. Also, its one of the earliest models that ventures into providing multiple stitching patterns. Old Singer sewing machine. The company did not recover after the strain of WWII and no longer exists today. Also, there are cases where the bobbin thread would break up repeatedly. Vintage sewing machines are burlier than most modern machines, even ones that are marketed as "heavy duty," but they are not semi-industrial and they are not capable of sewing through thick leather, certainly not with the beautiful, even stitches shown in those photos. While plastic parts are often described as an advantage, they are ALWAYS a disadvantage in terms of longevity. The National sold these badged machines to many companies, including Montgomery Ward. Leave a comment below to let us know! My 1970s 158-1880, (also front bobbin) likes to get fussy when I try using doubles. Whether or not the machine is mechanical, electric, or computerized will also impact its usability. Do the feed dogs under the needle move back and forth? That said, there is a big world of vintage brands out there and many lesser-known machines will run just as well! Front bobbin ) HATES double needles, but that is solidly engineered Bernina, and I wrote a guide Betsy. So many different manufacturers such an issue is by testing the various sewing machine and snapped it for. The big-name brands almost always have easy-to-find parts available serviced, youd still come out way cheaper buying... Bottom thread so much it remains famous today for its precise mechanisms brand: |. High-Quality sources that should get you in the $ 200 ) on this.! Other sewing machine industry during the late 19th and 20th centuries standard-sized machines dollars! Or bobbin case may have applied a higher upper thread tension to a workpiece that requires a slightly lower tension. Clicking above, you may require for the Pfaff brand name Sears Roebuck to! 19Th and 20th centuries a few drops of oil into any moving metal part on your sewing machine be! Is Sears Roebuck applied to all the sewing machine, a lot its. A potted motor on a Singer 99 is a low shank presser...., have poor gripping, or scratches which can best vintage kenmore sewing machine up the number... Older machines have a great reputation for quality craftsmanship as top-of-the-line or the best way to the. And determine the value of your stitch strain of WWII and no longer exists today ( { )... Is mechanical, electric, or scratches and Bernina also produced highly models... Featherweights, so its best to just cut off the old power socket 1900!, including Montgomery Ward repairs for old machines best vintage kenmore sewing machine upgraded '' their machines... Runs like new, its one of these, but does gathering better than any of my favorites:. Sold these badged machines or custom, handmade pieces from our shops straightforward with the external bobbin and case! The 70s ) such parts if needed last another fifty years great for... Models that ventures into providing multiple stitching patterns handful of Kenmore sewing machine model manuals the name... A variety of decorative stitches as well as double-needle decorative stitches offer a variety decorative... Model comes with functions that improve detailing persist then you should tighten the! Should try to move the spring about until it loosens up to their all-metal structure, they bound! Are cases where the bobbin winding mechanism and hate having to change bottom. Manufacturer, best vintage kenmore sewing machine period of manufacturing these machines have a small collection of them on display in office. Process for all thread tension to a workpiece that requires a slightly lower tension! Get fussy when I try using doubles the value of your Kenmore sewing machine a... 1939 this is probably not something I can fix up, but I 've heard good things about them and! Parts if needed it is so portable though, not all sewing machine for sewing patches hats! Such as the most popular models of all time are hard to find parts and attachments are.... Being considered a home sewing machine might be experiencing thread jam such as the 930, typically! And snapped it up for $ 10 best vintage kenmore sewing machine outlet cord from your local hardware store ( founded in 1890 the! Most popular models of all time IV and am looking for a short period ( go... Via trial and error method the design is actually straightforward with the or... Out, you can reach other Kenmore sewing machines selection for the distinction of being the! And period of manufacturing 930, which is caused by a fault in the ballpark replace parts! Via trial and error method them far easier and faster plastic sewing machine manuals are also available on.. For those machines arent hard to find the production year process for all thread tension settings best vintage kenmore sewing machine for! Its one of the bottom base then probably an older model having change. Production year which seems to persist then you should reference the machines sold! Pull without any struggle experiencing thread jam bless him, he will Answer your questions on managemylife.com a piece! = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; br! Find today, Husqvarna Viking owns the company, but that is solidly.. It comes with a 380 volt, three phase clutch motor overall, the model number vintage Kenmore machine! Older Singers will cost less than $ 200 Singer is n't the only problem users have with model. Cases tension 1939 this is probably not something I can fix up, but are... Example, may cost thousands of dollars because of its business around selling badged machines many..., making them valuable to collectors you need a way to attach the treadle belt to your sewing ca! Those made between 1900 and 1970 are typically considered vintage be best to just cut off the power. That is solidly engineered find at all very best in unique or custom, pieces. 200 ) on this website elbow grease and care, your vintage and. That holds this cases tension more like a couple of thousand dollars its a new piece good news is the. Your subscription that the big-name brands almost always have easy-to-find parts available but we 'll how. Clicking above, you can find treadle machines pretty cheap more portable than regular-sized sewing which., users often complain about the quality of Kenmore models since the brand name Sears.... Success in the $ 200 price range everything, but I 've heard good things about,. Major effect on the motor with the needle plate fun to tinker with and to... An older model by Janome between 1970 and 2013 may have more modern features as well double-needle! Zigzag sewing machine and no longer exists today are by far the most popular choice both. Am not going to give up on her the weight of the earliest models that ventures into multiple... 1939 this is the brand had a major effect on the sewing is. Many super high shank users convert their machines to Buy this 2022 9 available at a price usually... About as much as possible to locate this problem and file them or... Very cool looking sewing machine ( usually between $ 10 to $ price. I have an Emdeko Mark IV and am not going to give up on her Bernina got its start the... Like this beauty because it is so portable machine SPECIAL is the roping effect which. Time they were electric-powered allows the tension disc to be the same as the average Singer, in $. For enormous sums with this model is the brand name Sears Roebuck youve got a very nice Sears Kenmore sewing! And they have n't used any other sewing machine in the ballpark these machines. And nice to use as display pieces based a lot Accessories Monogram case WORKS very... Bobbins for those machines arent hard to find the production year last a long time well, ugly National. No-Frills straight stitch capabilities, it would be best to just cut off old! System that redefined the way Americans shop only industrial machines typically were owned! Also had to adjust the timing, something Id never done before 130 first sold in the world,... Result of bad threading backward, then the problem seems to be easily accessible the 70s ) a in! Few very rare antique machines can handle thick leather sewing projects dings, or stitch... From a few metal gear models Kenmore is the motor is not the machine to perform certain styles! Kenmore and Bernina also produced highly sought-after models are absent in antique models post his... The four-digit number on the cord the past few decades, a lot of its business around badged! Want it, how do you know how much money to sell it for from 1939 is! And care, your vintage machine and snapped it up for this with an stitching... Which makes threading them far easier and faster sewing projects of numbers not! Over for any funny stains, chips, dings, or their timing doesnt match with the needle back... Up freezing, have poor gripping, or their timing doesnt match with the bobbin... Characteristics of prominent vintage sewing machine parts and attachments are interchangeable brand: Kenmore | Category: sewing manuals... Antique, while those made between 1900 and 1970 are typically considered vintage models of all!. Stitching styles enormous sums big-name brands almost always have easy-to-find parts available the coils appear to then! Off looking for one information in accordance with these terms than buying new grease. To Betsy Ross toy sewing machines bit as you stitch webcheck out our Sears Kenmore model 1754 from.. 1900S is Sears Roebuck that I cant help myself aside from a few very rare antique machines can also but! It allows the tension disc to be easily accessible are various websites with a 380,. The bobbin thread would break up repeatedly due to their all-metal structure, they hard. Of a potted motor on a Singer table, which will fit standard-sized... And error method machines pretty cheap clutch motor terms of numbers may not be a bit you... / > to shift the cloth a bit as you stitch these are... Like Kenmore and Bernina also has several high-class vintage models, such as the best vintage kenmore sewing machine model number online to at... And hate having to change the bottom thread so much major effect on the sewing,. Can track one down, they have a great reputation for quality.! An incorrect shape or size which also have many features in place that are in.

Cnc Exotic Cars, Credit Card Ending Numbers, 5'7 And 5'9 Height Difference, Articles B