[666] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. Such titles used by heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include: Fhrer ("leader" or "guide") Adolf Hitler, from 1934 to 1945, dictator of Germany (formally " Fhrer and Reich Chancellor "). [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Joseph Stalin started his career as a student radical, becoming an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.. Joseph Stalin born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili began his political . [208] Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, byname Il Duce (Italian: "The Leader"), (born July 29, 1883, Predappio, Italydied April 28, 1945, near Dongo), Italian prime minister (1922-43) and the first of 20th-century Europe's fascist dictators. [620] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). "[839] Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women,"[840] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [663] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. [799] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [738][739] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. Although the term samizdat refers specifically to the Soviet period, most notably after the death of Stalin in 1953, unauthorised publishing has a long tradition in Russia. Stalin was born in Georgia in the town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, and Jews. [719] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. Born to a poor ethnic Georgian family in the town of Gori in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Georgia), Stalin joined the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1901. [799] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. The dictator's blows fell most heavily on the peasantry, some 25 million rustic . What was the title of . [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [700] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. [674], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[678] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[679] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[680] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [692] As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [556] In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[558] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. [617] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [729] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. [348] He warned of a "danger from the right", including in the Communist Party itself. [15] In 1886, they moved into the house of a family friend, Father Christopher Charkviani. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [693] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. However soon after Lenin suffered . Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [933] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. [774] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. It is the name of the symbol of the moral and political unity of the Soviet people! [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. [717] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. III. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. [657] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. What was Eratosthenes's nickname? [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. 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