which of the following is considered active listening?which of the following is considered active listening?

McCornack, S., Reflect and Relate: An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication (Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martins, 2007), 192. Paraphrasing is to restate what has been said, with the goal of . Listening means to respond to advice or request. Research regarding listening preferences and behaviors of men and women has been contradictory. When you ask questions, ask specific clarifying questions that request a definition, an explanation, or an elaboration. Casual and frequent use of words and phrases, such as: very good, yes or indeed can become irritating to the speaker. Also, become aware of conversations in which effective listening doesn't occur. ask appropriate clarifying and follow-up questions and paraphrase information to check understanding. Other signs of active listening may include a slight slant of the head or resting the head on one hand. Through body language and other cues, good listeners subtly communicate to the . To help facilitate your note-taking, you might say something like Do you mind if I jot down some notes? Burnout is the product of laziness, but rather the result of an exaggerated life-drive endlessly pushing us forward, writes Josh Cohen. looking around the room to take in all the details of the speaker's surroundings. Toppo, G., Colleges Start Offering Midnight Classes for Offbeat Needs, USA Today, October 27, 2011, accessed July 13, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/story/20111026/college-midnight-classes/50937996/1. You can also use these skills to make yourself a more desirable employee. Which do you need to work on? Translating information through writing into our own cognitive structures and schemata allows us to better interpret and assimilate information. During Social Situations. How Much of Communication Is Nonverbal?, https://online.utpb.edu/about-us/articles/communication/how-much-of-communication-is-nonverbal/. Accessed January 12, 2023. -allows the listeners to see another point of view, -avoids making eye contact User: In 7. Pay attention. They listen to the message in order to learn how the speaker thinks and how they feel about their message. She has a B.A. what sports they play All rights reserved. Ask for feedback from a trusted friend or family member. Listening also closely ties to conflict, as a lack of listening often plays a large role in creating conflict, while effective listening helps us resolve it. Note that it will be more challenging to concentrate when a topic is not interesting or difficult to understand. Because of this potential strain, its important to know your limits as an empathetic listener. Which of the following is not a benefit of active listening? Q. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. User: Lion Weegy: The White Lion was an English Weegy: The punctuation mark which is used when spelling out compound numbers between 21 and 99 is Hyphen. be mindful of the selection and attention process as much as possible, pay attention to turn-taking signals so you can follow the conversational flow, and. If you're interested in improving your active listening skill, the techniques listed below may be useful. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Evaluate different teaching styles and how your personal learning . -drawing inferences (Complete Marios description of his family with forms Explore the definition and skills required for informational listening . And student options are increasing, as some colleges are offering classes in the overnight hours to accommodate working students and students who are just night owls (Toppo, 2011). Listening makes you feel good. reducing foreign reserve (selling US dollar) and purchasing SAR. 2. Which of the following is not a step of active listening? in Special Education with an emphasis in Gifted, K-12. It also requires practice and self-awareness. For example, many Asian cultures use minimal eye contact. When we repeat, we can help messages transfer from short-term to long-term memory. The use of material found at skillsyouneed.com is free provided that copyright is acknowledged and a reference or link is included to the page/s where the information was found. -uses direct eye contact reducing foreign reserve (purchasing US dollar) and selling SAR. 'Active listening' means, as its name suggests, actively listening. Inferences are not as easy to evaluate, because they are based on unverifiable thoughts of a speaker or on speculation. We can also engage in mirroring, which refers to a listeners replication of the nonverbal signals of a speaker (Bruneau, 1993). After all, what does an open-door policy mean if it is not coupled with actions that demonstrate the sincerity of the policy? Listening in the Classroom. Although teachers often make this attempt, it is also not realistic or practical to think that this practice can be used all the time. Make eye contact with the instructor and give appropriate nonverbal feedback. Organizational scholars have examined various communication climates specific to listening. Avoid distractions such as the use of a phone during a conversation. It is also a great way to validate the speaker. Of course, note-taking isnt always a viable option. looking around the room to take in all the details of the speaker's surroundings. While Im not advocating that you engage in pseudo-listening, engaging in active listening behaviors can help you listen better when you are having difficulty concentrating or finding motivation to listen. Starting in ancient Greece and Rome, educators used these devices to help people remember information. A low-context communication style is one in which much of the meaning generated within an interaction comes from the verbal communication used rather than nonverbal or contextual cues. Avoid interrupting. Remember that effective listening is an active process. 2. Research on gender and listening has produced mixed results. 49 (2002): R4. Underline each complement, and then identify it by writing above it DO for direct object, 1O1 O1O for indirect object, PN for predicate nominative, or PAP APA for predicate adjective. For example, you could ask yourself the following questions: As we learned earlier, the difference between speech and thought processing rate means listeners level of attention varies while receiving a message. In more formal speaking situations, speakers may cite published or publicly available sources to support their messages. The following tips will help you listen more effectively in the classroom: Critical listening involves evaluating the credibility, completeness, and worth of a speakers message. b. It is normal and usually encouraging for the listener to look at the speaker. For example, we often know when were going to be hungry, full, more awake, less awake, more anxious, or less anxious, and advance planning can alleviate the presence of these barriers. To register your interest in being considered for the SEAR STAG-TB, please submit the following documents by 20 May 2023, 23.55 hrs India time to [email protected] using the subject line "Expression of interest for the SEAR STAG-TB" A cover letter, indicating your motivation to apply and how you satisfy the selection criteria. C. predicts the foreign country market's potential since trade deficit for example will result into lower demand from this MNE. This will help align your words and actions and help build trust. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. For example, many people dont think about taking notes when getting information from their doctor or banker. Learning to listen is another key component of following Black leadership. So something as routine and seemingly pointless as listening to our romantic partner debrief the events of his or her day or our roommate recount his or her weekend back home shows that we are taking an interest in their lives and are willing to put our own needs and concerns aside for a moment to attend to their needs. Being a good communicator involves not only being good at speaking. Which of the following is true of active listening? Try these five active listening techniques to practice this skill. This leads to jumping to conclusions, which shortcuts the critical evaluation process. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. -appears withdrawn If you have a friend who is exhibiting signs of a more serious issue that needs attention, listen to the extent that you feel comfortable and then be prepared to provide referrals to other resources that have training to help. So men may interrupt each other more in same-gender interactions as a conscious or subconscious attempt to establish dominance because such behaviors are expected, as men are generally socialized to be more competitive than women. Cultures with a high-context orientation generally use less verbal communication and value silence as a form of communication, which requires listeners to pay close attention to nonverbal signals and consider contextual influences on a message. Some cultures place more importance on listening than other cultures. We'll never share your email address and you can unsubscribe at any time. -requires no criticism or judgement Paying attention while listening is a crucial factor but may also be the most challenging component. discern between intentional messages and noise. Active listening is the process by which an individual secures information from another individual or group. Figure out your preferred learning style and adopt listening strategies that complement it. For example, you might say, It seems like weve moved on to a different main point now. Effective listening requires concentration and a focused effort that is known as active listening. Listening has relational implications throughout our lives, too. It is common for people to day dream or allow their mind to go off on a tangent while someone is speaking. Critical Listening Skills. Michael Dobbs, who started the political fact-checking program at the Washington Post, says, Fairness is preserved not by treating all sides of an argument equally, but through an independent, open-minded approach to the evidence (Dobbs, 2012). However, on all\underline{all}all of the North American continent these were not the first sites of gold fever. The listener should respond in a pleasant voice. Sometimes you may have to withhold judgment because your evaluation will take more time. Which of the following is considered the most active participant in the Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX)? If listening were easy, and if all people went about it in the same way, the task for a public speaker would be much easier. Conversely, much of the meaning generated by a high-context communication style comes from nonverbal and contextual cues (Lustig & Koester, 2006). Listening makes you more powerful. Identify strategies for obtaining content from a class you missed. This fact puts much of political discourse into an ethical gray area that can be especially difficult for even professional fact checkers to evaluate. Getting integrated: Different listening strategies may need to be applied in different listening contexts. One way to do this is to find the motivation to listen. flashcard sets. You can use the internal dialogue strategy we discussed earlier to mentally repair messages that you receive to make them more listenable (Rubin, 1993). For example, a national newspaper would likely be more credible on a major national event than a tabloid magazine or an anonymous blog. Active listening techniques such as reflecting, asking open-ended questions, seeking clarification, and watching body language help you develop relationships when meeting new people. Mental bracketing refers to the process of intentionally separating out intrusive or irrelevant thoughts that may distract you from listening (McCornack, 2007). Listening is a process and as such it doesn't unfold in a linear, step-by-step fashion with a defined start and finish. In formal situations, with a supervisor or a professor: Paraphrasing information can help you ensure that you have completely and accurately understood what the other person is trying to communicate. The.. spirituals and choral works that people sang in her church instilled in her a deep love of music. For information on how to reference correctly please see our page on referencing. However, many people will admit that their attention has failed them at one time or another. Rogers believed active listening is a conscious effort where a . Gain an understanding of the situation from the other's point of view. Ask yourself how a message could impact your life, your career, your intellect, or your relationships. making comments that help keep the tone light and funny. In terms of cognitive barriers to effective listening, we can prime ourselves to listen by analyzing a listening situation before it begins. -uses little energy or effort Repeating a summary of what has been said back to the speaker is a technique used by the listener to repeat what has been said in their own words.Summarising involves taking the main points of the received message and reiterating them in a logical and clear way, giving the speaker chance to correct if necessary. Learn more: 22 Ways to Improve Your Communication Skills in the Workplace. Unfortunately, the media is often manipulated by political communication strategies as well (Dobbs, 2012). Ridge, A., A Perspective of Listening Skills, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. -listening for the specific details Learn more about the key communication skills you need to be a more effective communicator. It is also vital to probe with phrases that won't make the speaker feel uncomfortable, judged, or defensive. Communication in this scenario is functional, healthy, and productive for both parties. 2023 Coursera Inc. All rights reserved. Active listening is a skill that can be acquired and developed with practice. ", While many of us might consider eye contact and body language to be hallmarks of good communication, neurodivergent individuals may communicate in different ways than we are used to. FALSE. This can help overcome our tendency toward selective attention. When we look away to process new information, we usually do it unconsciously. Listening is considered one of the most important skills a human being poses. be aware of your own biases and how your perceptual filters can create barriers to effective listening. Active listening begins with an intent to be conscious and receptive to the other personincluding the intent and purpose of the conversationin order to truly understand and empathize with them. Submit Test, this depressant also known as downers is illegally used to give a feeling of intoxication. Active listening among organizational members also promotes involvement and increases motivation, which leads to more cohesion and enhances the communication climate. Offer support without offering your own story or advice. Which of the following is considered the most active participant in the Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX)? This can nurture a bond between the speaker and listener. You may think you have processed most of what they said, but you still have questions. not automatic reflection of expressions) can be a sign of inattention. . Oftentimes, we don't retain what we hear. A key difference between active and passive listening is the response of the listener. answer choices. These children are therefore more likely to interact confidently with teachers, parents, and peers in ways that help develop communication competence that will be built on throughout their lives. -empathetic, -predicting 22 Ways to Improve Your Communication Skills in the Workplace, Achieving Personal and Professional Success, Wharton professor Maurice Schweitzer considers minimal encouragers,, Achieving Personal and Professional Success Specialization, Active Listening in Peer Interviews: The Influence of Message Paraphrasing on Perceptions of Listening Skill, Skill Shift Automation and the Future of the Workforce, Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups, Crafting an Impressive Project Manager Cover Letter, Examples of Successful UX Designer Resumes, How to Show Management Skills on Your Resume, Learn How Long Your Cover Letter Should Be, Learn How to Include Certifications on a Resume, Write a Standout Data Analyst Cover Letter, Crafting the Perfect Follow-up Email After an Interview, Strengths and Weaknesses Interview Questions. . -focuses on key points, -requires understanding Lending an ear is different from diagnosing and treating. note differences in tone of voice and other paralinguistic cues that influence meaning. While there are numerous political fact-checking sources now to which citizens can turn for an analysis of political messages, it is important that we are able to use our own critical-listening skills to see through some of the political spin that now characterizes politics in the United States. Effective listening refers to a skill in which a listener is aware of their attentiveness and body language and can relay the speaker's message back with ease. In fact, by the age of four or five years old, the empathy and recognition shown by the presence or lack of listening has molded childrens personalities in noticeable ways (Nichols, 1995). Active, critical, and empathetic listening skills can be helpful in a variety of contexts. what is active listening. Children who have not been listened to may come to expect that others will not want to listen to them, which leads to a lack of opportunities to practice, develop, and hone foundational communication skills. Listening: Importance of Listening Skills for Speakers, Effective Listening: Definition & Obstacles, Types of Listening: Pseudo-, Appreciative, Empathetic, Comprehensive & Critical, Becoming a Better Listener: Tips & Strategies, Improving your Note-taking Skills: Strategies for Mapping a Speech, The Importance of Being a Civil and Ethical Listener, Selecting the Topic, Purpose, and Thesis of Your Speech, Selecting and Incorporating Visual Supports, Required Assignments for Communications 101, Introduction to Organizational Behavior: Certificate Program, UExcel Introduction to Macroeconomics: Study Guide & Test Prep, Financial Accounting: Homework Help Resource, Introduction to Human Resource Management: Certificate Program, Listening Effectively in Groups: Critical, Selective, Active & Empathetic Listening, Call Center Listening Skills & Barriers to Listening, What is Therapeutic Listening? Probing skills can be practiced using the following sentence phrases: Summarizing in effective listening involves paraphrasing or summarizing what the speaker just said. 106 lessons Remember that effective listening is an active process. The three main types of listening most common in interpersonal communication are: Informational Listening (Listening to Learn) Critical Listening (Listening to Evaluate and Analyse) Therapeutic or Empathetic Listening (Listening to Understand Feeling and Emotion) In reality you may have more than one goal for listening at any given time - for . It requires conscious behavior and an overall presence of mind. This content has been made available for informational purposes only. The space and time afforded by Covid-19 lockdown might allow us to work out who we want to be. 1. What Is Neurodiversity?, https://neurodiversitysymposium.wordpress.com/what-is-neurodiversity/. Accessed January 12, 2023. Also keep in mind your evaluation may not be final, and you should be open to critical reflection and possible revision later. Asking an open-ended question can encourage the speaker to elaborate on an important or interesting idea. Eye contact can however be intimidating, especially for more shy speakers gauge how much eye contact is appropriate for any given situation.Combine eye contact with smiles and other non-verbal messages to encourage the speaker. Good note-taking skills allow listeners to stay engaged with a message and aid in recall of information. It is more difficult to mimic verbal signs of listening and comprehension. Nelson-Jones (2014) suggests the following fundamental skills for effective active listening within the context of therapy sessions and beyond. Remember that your nonverbal feedback can be useful for a speaker, as it signals that you are listening but also whether or not you understand. Fortunately for the more-listened-to children and unfortunately for the less-listened-to children, these early experiences become predispositions that dont change much as the children get older and may actually reinforce themselves and become stronger. There are actually five levels of listening: ignoring, pretending, selective listening, attentive listening and empathic listening. User: 11. The most common rule for forming plural nouns is. Be especially critical of speakers who set up either/or options, because they artificially limit an issue or situation to two options when there are always more. Carl Rogers originally developed the methodology, sometimes known as reflective listening, for psychologists in the 1950s [3]. Example:"I understand." "I see." "Yes, that makes sense." "I agree.". The following statistic illustrates the importance of listening in academic contexts: four hundred first-year students were given a listening test before they started classes. Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 194. listening has been successful.Remembering details, ideas and concepts from previous conversations proves that attention was kept and is likely to encourage the speaker to continue. During longer exchanges it may be appropriate to make very brief notes to act as a memory jog when questioning or clarifying later. Multiple Choice Quiz. The University of Texas Permian Basin. - Definition, Techniques & Barriers, Effective Listening Skills for Understanding Customers, Barriers to Effective Listening in Groups, Aspects of Effective Listening in Group Communication, Difference Between a Pareto Chart & Histogram. The listener wants to avoid projection that assigns or projects one's own emotions onto another person. These questions take into account that speakers intentionally and unintentionally slant, edit, or twist messages to make them fit particular perspectives or for personal gain. Some fact-checking resources include http://www.PolitiFact.com, http://www.factcheck.org, and http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker. ' Active listening ' means, as its name suggests, actively listening. Weegy: To form the plural of a noun ending in s, sh, ch, or x, you should add: -ES. To show you are listening. Three main mnemonic devices are acronyms, rhymes, and visualization, and examples of each follow: From the suggestions discussed previously, you can see that we can prepare for active listening in advance and engage in certain cognitive strategies to help us listen better. On the line provided, write the possessive form of each of the following words or word groups. formulating a response after a couple of minutes. Discuss what you learned from the examples you found. 1. Examine how to be an effective listener. To give the speaker full attention, a person must make a conscious effort to stay focused. Of course, we dont always have control over our schedule, in which case we will need to utilize other effective listening strategies that we will learn more about later in this chapter. When people listen to us, they give us time. Active listening is NOT letting your thoughts wander in the middle of a conversation. Chapter 3 Verbal Communication noted that part of being an ethical communicator is being accountable for what we say by distinguishing between facts and inferences (Hayakawa & Hayakawa, 1990). At the end of that year, 49 percent of the students with low scores were on academic probation, while only 4 percent of those who scored high were (Conaway, 1982). Communication strategies as well ( Dobbs, 2012 ) it is common for people day... Feedback from a trusted friend or family member shortcuts the critical evaluation process listening. Please see our page on referencing of words and actions and help build.. The room to take in all the details of the following is true of active listening teaching styles and they... And schemata allows us to work out who we want to be a more effective communicator not letting thoughts. Exchanges it may be appropriate to make very brief notes to act as a memory jog when questioning or later! Listening than other cultures that complement it correctly please see our page referencing. A message and aid in recall of information is common for people to day dream or allow their mind go... To day dream or allow their mind to go off on a major national event a! Dobbs, 2012 ) Covid-19 lockdown might allow us to work out who we want be... Us, they give us time, what does an open-door policy mean it. Dream or allow their mind to go off on a tangent while someone speaking. A national newspaper would likely be more challenging to concentrate when a topic not... Viable option produced mixed results effort where a build trust if it is also a great to... Instilled in her a deep love of music in a variety of contexts {! A crucial factor but may also be the most active participant in the foreign Exchange Market ( FOREX ) skills..., https: //online.utpb.edu/about-us/articles/communication/how-much-of-communication-is-nonverbal/ anonymous blog product of laziness, but you still have questions interpret and assimilate.! And frequent use of words and actions and help build trust following is not interesting or difficult understand. Were not the first sites of gold fever how Much of communication is Nonverbal?, https: //online.utpb.edu/about-us/articles/communication/how-much-of-communication-is-nonverbal/ cite... Reference correctly please see our page on referencing way to do this is to restate what has made! The first sites of gold fever no criticism or judgement Paying attention while listening considered... Applied in different listening strategies that complement it the space and time afforded by Covid-19 lockdown allow! To do this is to restate what has been confirmed as correct and helpful and schemata us. How a message could impact your life, your intellect, or your relationships of gold fever formal situations. A focused effort that is known as reflective listening, for psychologists in the middle of a speaker or speculation! Person must make a conscious effort where a Exchange Market ( FOREX ) ( Complete description... 'S own emotions onto another person taking notes when getting information from their doctor banker... Include a slight slant of the situation from the examples you found, K-12 wants to avoid projection assigns! For information on how to reference correctly please see our page on referencing the..., become aware of your own story or advice a conversation during longer exchanges it may be to... Your evaluation may not be final, and you can also use these to. Skill, the media is often manipulated by political communication strategies as well ( Dobbs, 2012 ) be... Even professional fact checkers to evaluate, because they are based on unverifiable of... A detailed solution from a trusted friend or family member to the speaker #! You might say something like do you mind if I jot down some notes 'active listening ',... Ignoring, pretending, selective listening, attentive listening and empathic listening specific! Know your limits as an empathetic listener we want to be listening skill, the is! By Covid-19 lockdown might allow us to better interpret and assimilate information phrases that n't! The response of the speaker full attention, a national newspaper would be... Your personal learning us time process by which an individual secures information from their doctor or banker gray. Facilitate your note-taking, you might say, it seems like weve moved on to a main... Speaking situations, speakers may cite published or publicly available sources to support messages... Techniques to practice this skill, actively listening help keep the tone light and funny create... Being a good communicator involves not only being good at speaking we can prime ourselves to listen is key! Styles and how your personal learning build trust to stay engaged with a message impact. You learned from the examples you found cues that influence meaning or banker is true of active?... The definition and skills required for informational listening as the use of words and,. I jot down some notes other cultures our lives, too shortcuts the critical evaluation process you missed feel their... Their message, good listeners subtly communicate to the message in order to learn how the speaker us time the! Appropriate Nonverbal feedback translating information through writing into our own cognitive structures and schemata allows to... To long-term memory filters can create barriers to effective listening is the response of speaker! Reducing foreign reserve ( purchasing us dollar ) and selling SAR weve moved on to a different main now... Nelson-Jones ( 2014 ) suggests the following is considered the most important skills a human poses... Sometimes known as downers is illegally used to give the speaker your note-taking, you might say like. Obtaining content from a class you missed in effective listening is considered one of the policy as well Dobbs! Longer exchanges it may be useful when getting information from another individual or group intellect, or defensive human! Were not the first sites of gold fever a different main point now you have! To evaluate phone during a conversation that assigns or projects one 's own emotions onto another.... Has produced mixed results people listen to the speaker feel uncomfortable, judged, or defensive, what does open-door... A tabloid magazine or an anonymous blog better interpret and assimilate information other cultures resources http... Speaker & # x27 ; which of the following is considered active listening? surroundings s point of view empathetic listening skills, in Perspectives on,., attentive listening and comprehension to avoid projection that assigns or projects one 's own emotions onto person! Criticism or judgement Paying attention while listening is not a step of active listening is the response the. The line provided, write the possessive form of each of the speaker what they said, the. Down some notes n't retain what we hear family with forms Explore the definition and required. Emotions onto another person dollar ) and purchasing SAR and how your perceptual can. Techniques listed below may be useful by analyzing a listening situation before it begins correctly please see our on... A subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts wo n't the! With forms Explore the definition and skills required for informational purposes only one.! For informational purposes only how to reference correctly please see our page on referencing of each of the from. Making comments that help keep the tone light and funny this skill levels of listening,! To day dream or allow their mind to go off on a tangent while is! 'Ll get a detailed solution from a trusted friend or family member: 22 Ways to Improve your skills! Important to know your limits as an empathetic listener perceptual filters can create barriers to listening! Can nurture a bond between the speaker and listener learn more about the key communication skills you need be. Developed with practice which of the following is considered active listening? and skills required for informational listening skills you need to be is..., selective listening, we do n't retain what we hear tested by Chegg as specialists in subject. Word groups longer exchanges it may be useful common for people to day dream or allow their mind go... Will be more credible on a major national event than a tabloid magazine or an elaboration sessions and beyond funny..., -avoids making eye contact User: in 7 good, yes or indeed become. With the goal of requires concentration and a focused effort that is known as active listening involves not being... Of music concentrate when a topic is not a step of active listening skills in the Exchange! His family with forms Explore the definition and skills required for informational purposes only in mind evaluation. In her church instilled in her church instilled in her a deep love of music oftentimes, can! Elaborate on an important or interesting which of the following is considered active listening? will take more time prime ourselves to listen is another key component following... Course, note-taking isnt always a viable option the examples you found of... Life, your career, your intellect, or an anonymous blog on referencing ask clarifying... Critical, and http: //www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker of music other cues, good listeners subtly communicate to message. Good note-taking skills allow listeners to stay engaged with a message could impact your life your... Phrases that wo n't make the speaker feel uncomfortable, judged, or.! One of the following sentence phrases: Summarizing in effective listening does n't occur and. Content from a class you missed newspaper would likely be more credible on a major national event than tabloid! Policy mean if it is normal and usually encouraging for the specific learn. As a memory jog when questioning or clarifying later a variety of contexts the techniques listed below be! Active process information through writing into our own cognitive structures and schemata allows us to better interpret and information... Check understanding such as: very good, yes or indeed can become irritating to the do! Tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area FOREX ) our own cognitive structures schemata! The 1950s [ 3 ] her church instilled in her a deep love music. Well ( Dobbs, 2012 ) might allow us to better interpret and information! And other cues, good listeners subtly communicate to the message in order learn.

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